Polyethylene glycol
WHAT IS POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL?
This compound is a type of polyether material that has many applications, from industrial production to pharmaceuticals. This material is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyoxyethylene (POE). Polyethylene glycol has different molecular masses, and the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol compounds depends on the number of ethylene glycol units in each polymer unit. If the weight of the molecules decreases, that is, if they have 2 to 4 molecules of ethylene glycol, the substance will turn into a clear liquid. This substance is sold in the market in industrial and pharmaceutical grades. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) or antifreeze is a petroleum-derived compound that is made from ethylene glycol, the main ingredient in antifreeze. This material is also known by other names such as polyethylene oxide or polyethylene oxide. Polyoxide glycols are non-toxic, neutral, odorless, lubricating, moisture absorbent, non-volatile and non-burning compounds. These materials are also used as water-soluble compounds, lubricants and softeners. Polyethylene glycols are a family of linear polymers.
WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL?
Polyethylene glycol – PEG is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol or ethylene glycol oligomers. In this reaction, ethylene glycol or ethylene glycol oligomers are used instead of water. This reaction is catalyzed by acid or alkaline catalysts. Magnesium, aluminum or organic calcium compounds are used as catalysts in this reaction. Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium carbonate are used to produce low molecular weight ethylene glycol. Depending on the type of catalyst, the polymerization mechanism can be cationic or anionic, and the anionic mechanism is generally preferred. The chemical formula of Polyethylene glycol – PEG is C2nH4n+2On+1 and the structure of PEG is usually shown as H− (O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.
APPLICATION OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
The use of Polyethylene glycol – PEG in medicine and the production and manufacture of drugs is very wide (such as eye drops, tablets for constipation treatment, local pain reliever spray).
- In the cosmetics industry for the production of creams, lotions, powders and gels
- in the formulation of organic insecticides
- in the formulation of printing oils
- Use as a food additive
- in the formulation of printing oils
- As a color carrier
- As a lubricant and moisture absorbent
- Liquid polyethylene glycols are used as polishers in the electroplating industry.
- Solid types of polyethylene glycol are used as a raw material in the paint and resin industry.
- Polyethylene glycol is also widely used in agriculture.
Polyethylene glycol is used as a plasticizer and spreading agent in the paint and resin industry.
- In the tile and ceramic industry, it is used as a moldable, softening, lubricating, carrier and connecting agent.
- As a flexibility, gloss, color stabilizer and paper softener in the paper industry
- To increase dispersibility in water as an intermediate in the preparation of alkyd and polyester resins
- As a solvent or auxiliary solvent in the production of detergents (soap, polish, cleaner)
- In the textile industry, as a plasticizer, lubricant, softener, antistatic agent and drying time increaser in adhesives.
Poly-based hydrogels are increasingly used in medical applications due to their ability to control cell-material interactions by adjusting the physical and biological properties of the hydrogel.
APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
Polyethylene glycol or antifreeze is a compound of petroleum derivatives. This compound is made of ethylene glycol, which is the main ingredient in antifreeze. This material is also known by other names such as polyethylene oxide or polyoxyethylene. Polyethylene glycols are neutral and odorless compounds that are used as lubricants and moisture absorbers. Other uses of polyethylene glycol include water-soluble compounds, lubricants and softeners. These compounds are classified as linear polymers. This substance is also found in the formulation of many oils.
APPLICATION OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL IN MEDICINE
The use of this substance in medicine and pharmacy is of great importance. Because the basis of making various types of laxatives is based on these materials. The application and properties of polyethylene glycol in medicine and added electrolytes are used to completely clean the intestine before some surgeries or colonoscopy. The use of this material as a flexible and binding material is used in many medicines. Constipation is a common problem among children and adults. This substance is a type of osmotic laxative and will cause water retention in the stool and increase the frequency of bowel movements. The use of this substance in medicines is useful in the treatment of children with constipation and is considered one of the important uses of this substance in medicine and pharmacy. Binding to protein drugs is another use of polyethylene glycol and causes the slow passage of the transported protein into the blood. Among the properties of this unique substance in medicine, which is being further investigated, is the possibility of connecting nerve cells to each other with the properties of this substance. Hydrogels of this substance are used to deal with a kind of gum disease. In the gel, it leads to the improvement of gum symptoms. The use of polyethylene glycol is also seen in eye drops. Anesthetic and pain-relieving sprays and restorative sprays are other products in which this substance is used.
APPLICATION OF PEG IN CHEMISTRY AND AGRICULTURE
This substance has hydrophilic molecules. Therefore, it is widely used in the production of microscope glasses. One of the advantages of using polyethylene glycol is to prevent protein from sticking to glass in single-molecule fluorescence studies. On the other hand, this substance is non-toxic and therefore can be used in all kinds of products. Another application of PEG is as an additive in the coatings of all types of surfaces in all types of aqueous and non-aqueous environments. It is used as a stationary polar phase for gas chromatography, and it is a liquid with a high heat transfer coefficient in electronic testing. This material is also used to preserve objects that are pulled out from under water. Another use of PEG is that it can be used instead of water in wooden objects and improve the drying of wood.
APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE
This substance is used in the agricultural industry to apply and simulate drought stress. By increasing the osmotic potential of the solution, the application of PEG prevents water absorption by the plant roots and eventually leads to drought stress. The above compound is not absorbed by the plant due to its high molecular mass and only makes the osmotic potential of water more negative. In this way, stress conditions are created for the plant. Of course, polyethylene glycol is a type of polymer that is produced with different molecular weights, each of which has a different application. In the rest of this article, we discuss the types of this widely used polymer.
HOW TO USE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
How to take before colonoscopy in adults
Dissolve a tablespoon equivalent to 1 gram of the drug in 240 ml of clear liquid and consume it every ten minutes until the consumption volume reaches 2000 ml. (The start of taking this medicine should be done 6 hours after taking bisacodyl or magnesium citrate slow-release tablets.
HOW TO USE PEG IN THE TREATMENT OF ADULT CONSTIPATION
It should be noted that the use of this drug is only a temporary treatment and the main treatment for constipation is to change the lifestyle, exercise and use high-fiber foods. To treat with this substance, dissolve a soup spoonful in 120 or 240 ml of liquid and eat it once a day. It is not allowed to use this medicine for more than one week without a doctor’s prescription.
HOW TO USE BEFORE COLONOSCOPY IN CHILDREN
In children over two years old and adolescents, 1.5 g/kg per day can be used. This substance can be used for 4 days. The maximum allowed dose for children is 100 grams per day.
- Complications of polyethylene glycol
- Gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea are among the common side effects of this substance.
- Flatulence, nausea, abdominal pain, loose stools and flatulence are relatively common symptoms.
- Indigestion, wind in the throat and discomfort in the stomach are other possible side effects of this substance.
- Apart from gastrointestinal complications, users of polyethylene glycol may also experience hematological and oncological complications such as rectal bleeding.
TYPES OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
PEG Types
types of polyethylene glycol are available in the market. These types have differences in properties and applications. Of course, the amount of these differences is insignificant. It should be noted that these smaller differences of pharmaceutical and food grades are considered very important.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 200000
This composition is non-toxic. Increasing the amount of molecular weight is effective on the dissolution rate of the drug. That is, the higher the molecular weight, the higher the dissolution rate. Application of this type in all kinds of softeners, anti-electricity in textiles and soldering joints, anti-dust agent in agricultural products, in cleaners and detergents, in cosmetic moisturizers, packaging products, prevention of adhesion in mold Giri and… can be seen.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 12000
It has a high solubility in water. It is used as an excellent stabilizer. This type of application is seen in fabric and clothing detergents, cleaning hard surfaces, etc. In blood tests, it can be used as an amplifier to identify antigens and antibodies.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000
This material is in the form of solid shells or powder. Its high molecular weight has caused it to be used as a solvent in oral, topical and injectable drugs. This material is also used to adjust the viscosity of compounds. The stability of this material is high and prevents microbial growth even in aqueous solutions.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000
The layered structure of this type allows it to be used as a dry adhesive and lubricant. The properties of this substance can be used in making capsules and tablets for special medicines. Application in soaps, anti-dust agent in talcum powder, plasticizing agent in resin synthesis, etc. are other uses of this substance.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 4000
This polymer is used in products such as head and body shampoos, cosmetics and skin care, deodorants, etc.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 2000
This substance is also used in research works such as chemical synthesis, biochemical research, etc. This type is suitable for laboratory work, but its use in animal and human products is not recommended.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 1000
This combination is mostly used in the industry of cosmetics and materials. This substance is used as a drug carrier. This application is actually one of the most important properties and applications of polyethylene glycol.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 200, 600, 800
These types can be used as anti-foam, lubricant and viscosity modifier in manufactured products. The properties of this substance are used as a coating to preserve the freshness of fresh fruits. In the formulation of adhesives, this PEG grade is used as an anti-static agent.
THE EFFECT OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
Polyethylene glycol – PEG is generally considered bio-safe. Although many people are allergic to this substance and show allergic reactions. These people should be careful about some medicines and food they consume.
Some people’s bodies react to this chemical. The number of these people is very small. In general, polyethylene glycol is known as a harmless substance and is used in many medicines.
DISADVANTAGES OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea are among the common side effects of this substance.
- Flatulence, nausea, abdominal pain, loose stools and flatulence are relatively common symptoms.
- Indigestion, wind in the throat and discomfort in the stomach are other possible side effects of this substance.
- Apart from gastrointestinal complications, users of polyethylene glycol may also experience hematological and oncological complications such as rectal bleeding.
PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
This composition is colorless, odorless and transparent. Polyethylene glycol is soluble in water and has good heat resistance. Another feature of this solution is that it is ineffective against many chemicals. This chemical is not hydrolyzed or decomposed and is a non-toxic compound. This material does not evaporate and is soluble with most organic solvents. Polyethylene glycol is used as an environmentally friendly material. PEG does not harm the tissues of living organisms. Polyethylene glycol does not stimulate the body’s immune system by entering the body. This material is biodegradable and can be decomposed by aerobic and anaerobic microbes.
THE EFFECT OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
Polyethylene glycol is generally considered bio-safe. Although many people are allergic to this substance and show allergic reactions. These people should be careful about some medicines and food they consume. Some people’s bodies react to this chemical. The number of these people is very small. In general, polyethylene glycol is known as a harmless substance and is used in many medicines.
PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
This composition is colorless, odorless and transparent. Polyethylene glycol is soluble in water and has good heat resistance. Another feature of this solution is that it is ineffective against many chemicals. This chemical is not hydrolyzed or decomposed and is a non-toxic compound. This material does not evaporate and is soluble with most organic solvents. Polyethylene glycol is used as an environmentally friendly material. PEG does not harm the tissues of living organisms. Polyethylene glycol does not stimulate the body’s immune system by entering the body. This material is biodegradable and can be decomposed by aerobic and anaerobic microbes.
WHAT IS POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL POWDER FOR?
Polyethylene solution is used to cleanse the colon before certain tests (such as colonoscopy, barium enema, and X-rays) and bowel surgery. This medicine is a laxative and helps to clean the bowels. Bowel examination helps the doctor in examining and monitoring the inside of the intestine during colonoscopy and other procedures.
HANDLING PRECAUTIONS
- Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation when handling PEG, especially in powdered form, to avoid inhalation of dust.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and laboratory coats, to protect skin and eyes from contact.
- Hygiene: Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and mouth. Wash hands thoroughly after handling PEG.
- Storage: Store PEG in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry place away from incompatible substances.
- Waste Disposal: Dispose of PEG waste according to local regulations.
Safety Considerations
- Skin Contact: PEG may cause skin irritation. If contact occurs, rinse the affected area thoroughly with water.
- Eye Contact: PEG can irritate the eyes. In case of exposure, flush eyes with water for several minutes and consult a doctor if irritation continues.
- Inhalation: Breathing in PEG dust may lead to respiratory irritation. Move to fresh air if inhaled, and seek medical help if symptoms persist.
- Ingestion: If PEG is accidentally swallowed, seek immediate medical assistance.
PACKING OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
- Liquid form: PEG (200 up to 1000) are packed in 180 kg drums , iso tank , flexi tanks and bulk shipments. Each 20 foot container takes 80 drum.
- Solid form: PEG ( from 1000) packed in Bag ( net : 25 Kg). The PEG products have shelf life of 24 months from the date of manufacture & maintained in adequate storage condition. Shelf life of pharmacy grades is 12 months.
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
| TEST | STANDARD | Unit | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Completeness an d color of Solution:, 5g/50ml of Water | Slightly Hazy | – | USP39-NF34 |
| Viscosity @ 98.9˚C | 76-110 | Cst | USP39-NF34 |
| pH, 5% Solution in Water | 4.5-7.5 | – | USP39-NF34 |
| Residue on ignition | Max 0.1 | %wt | USP39-NF34 |
| Assay (Average Molecular Weight) | 3015-3685 | g/mol | USP39-NF34 |
| Heavy metals | Max 5 | ppm | USP39-NF34 |
| Ethylene Oxide & 1,4-Dioxane | Max. 10 (for each of them) | v | USP39-NF34 |
For more information, please Contact our Sales Team.
